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FERTILIZER AND PLANT NUTRITION BULLETIN 13
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Use of Phosphate Rocks for Sustainable Agriculture
Technical editing by
F. Zapata
Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture
Vienna, Austria
R.N. Roy
Land and Water Development Division
FAO, Rome, Italy
A joint publication of the
FAO Land and Water Development Division
and
the International Atomic Energy Agency
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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 2004
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COVER PHOTOGRAPHS
Phosphate rock ore and mining in Khouribga,
Morocco.
Abdelatif Belmehdi, IMPHOS, Morocco.
Phosphate rock broadcast application.
Efficient
fertilizer use, 1988, FAO, Rome.
Maize crop. Nicaragua. FAO/15962/L.
Dematteis.
| The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information
product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or the International
Atomic Energy Agency concerning the legal or development status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation
of its frontiers or boundaries. |
ISSN 0532-0488
ISBN 92-5-105030-9
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© FAO 2004
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
PREFACE
CONTRIBUTING
AUTHORS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND
ACRONYMS
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
Phosphorus in the soil-plant
system
The need for sustainable
development
Addressing the P constraint in
tropical acid soils
Use of phosphate rocks in industry and
agriculture
Phosphate rocks as raw materials for
P-fertilizer manufacturing
Phosphate rock for direct application
in agriculture
Historical account of the use of
phosphate rocks in agriculture
The bulletin
2. WORLD PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
World phosphate rock
production
World phosphate rock reserves and
resources
Future trends in world phosphate rock
production
3. CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOSPHATE ROCKS
Phosphate rock
mineralogy
Sedimentary apatites
Igneous apatites
Other minerals in PRs
Phosphate rock solubility
tests
Apatite solubility
Classification of phosphate rocks
based on solubility
Characterization methods
4. EVALUATION OF PHOSPHATE ROCKS FOR DIRECT APPLICATION
Phosphate-rock solubility
tests
Solubility measurements using
conventional chemical techniques
Kinetics of long-term PR
dissolution
PR reactivity scales and crop yield
response
Measurement of exchangeable P from PR
by radioisotopic techniques
Reactions between phosphate rocks and
soil
Soil incubation
Liming effect of PRs
Greenhouse tests
Comparison of PRs with standard
fertilizers
Effect of time
Relationship between PR solubility and
crop P uptake
Field evaluation
5. FACTORS AFFECTING THE AGRONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS
OF PHOSPHATE ROCKS, WITH A CASE-STUDY ANALYSIS
Factors affecting the agronomic
effectiveness of phosphate rocks
Reactivity of PRs
Soil properties
Climate conditions
Crop species
Management practices
Case studies
Mali
Madagascar
India
Indonesia
New Zealand
Latin America
6. SOIL TESTING FOR PHOSPHATE ROCK APPLICATION
Soil phosphorus reaction and soil
testing
Conventional soil tests
Bray I test
Bray II and Mehlich I
tests
Olsen test
Recently developed soil
tests
Iron-oxide-impregnated paper
test
Mixed anion and cation exchange
resins
Isotopic 32P exchange
kinetic method
7. DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR THE USE OF PHOSPHATE
ROCKS
The need for a decision-support system
for phosphate rocks
Conceptual basis for building a
PR-DSS
Different types of DSS to predict PR
performance
Mechanistic models
The combination of mechanistic and
empirical models
Expert systems
The ‘RPR Adviser’ in
Australia
Requirements for a global DSS for PR
use
Creation of a database for PR
reactivities
Creating a database of soils for PR
use
Other requirements
Future developments
8. SECONDARY NUTRIENTS, MICRONUTRIENTS, LIMING EFFECT
AND HAZARDOUS ELEMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH PHOSPHATE ROCK USE
Secondary nutrients in phosphate
rock
Micronutrients in phosphate
rock
Liming effect associated with PR
use
Hazardous elements in phosphate
rock
9. WAYS OF IMPROVING THE AGRONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS
OF PHOSPHATE ROCKS
Biological means
Phospho-composts
Inoculation of seedlings with
endomycorrhizae
Use of ectomycorrhizae
Use of phosphate solubilizing
micro-organisms
Use of plant genotypes
Chemical means
Partial acidulation of phosphate
rock
Physical means
Compacted PR with water-soluble
phosphate products
Dry mixtures of PR with water-soluble
phosphate fertilizers
Phosphate rock elemental sulphur
assemblages
10. ECONOMIC FACTORS IN THE ADOPTION AND UTILIZATION
OF PHOSPHATE ROCKS
Possible adoption and use of phosphate
rock by end users
Cost of production, transport and
distribution
Economic considerations and policies
to support PR adoption
Pricing policy
Organizational policy
Agricultural product
markets
Risk protection
Research and extension
policy
Case studies of PR exploitation and
use
Marketing of indigenous phosphate
rocks for direct application
Latin America
Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Economic criteria in PR adoption and
use - a case study on Venezuela
Agronomic evaluation and domestic
market potential
Economics of PAPR
production
Pilot-plant evaluation
test
PAPR quality
The Moron PAPR plant
Raw materials and
products
11. LEGISLATION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF PHOSPHATE
ROCKS FOR DIRECT APPLICATION
Current legislation on phosphate rock
for direct application
Associated issues
Total P2O5
content of PR
Solubility of phosphate
rock
Expressing PR solubility
Free carbonate effect
Particle-size effect
Guidelines for legislation on
DAPR
12. EPILOGUE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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PAPERS
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